Introduction to XQuery (Part 2 of 4) : Page 2

Constants and Variables
Here's an example query that uses constant literals and variables. The following query finds the customer whose customer number is 1003 from the sample document customers.xml.

   # see XQuery21.ixq in samples.zip
   let $custno := "1003"
   return document("data/customers.xml")
      //customer[custno=$custno]

Constants and variables are some of the most basic expressions in XQuery. Constants take of the form of literal representations of values. For example, consider the following constants:

      "John Doe"
      1
      true
      "2002-05-29"

Variable references always start with a dollar sign ($), followed by the variable's name. In the preceding example, "1003" is a constant and $custno is a variable. You bind variables to values using FLWR expressions or Quantified expressions. The following example binds the results from executing a path expression (XPath expression) to a variable. It returns the list of all itemno elements in the items.xml document.

   # see XQuery22.ixq in samples.zip
   for $i in document("data/items.xml")//item/itemno
   return $i

Here's another example. The following expression binds a sequence to the variable and returns the sequence. This expression also introduces the sequence constructor (the parentheses), used here to construct a sequence of two strings.

   # see XQuery23.ixq in samples.zip
   let $i := ("s1", "s2")
   return $i

You can also pass variables to a function as parameters. The next example binds the sequence of nodes returned by a path expression to the variable $items, and then invokes the built-in count() function with this $items variable as a parameter. The expression therefore returns the count of item elements in the items.xml document.

   # see XQuery24.ixq in samples.zip
   let $items:= document("data/items.xml")//item
   return count($items)

The variable scoping rule in XQuery is quite staightforward. The inner binding of a variable always overrides any in-scope outer binding with the same name. In other words, the most localized scope definition takes precedence. For example:

   # see XQuery25.ixq in samples.zip
   for $s in (1 to 2) 
   let $s := (3 to 4) 
   return $s

The preceding query returns the sequence (3,4,3,4) because the definition of $s in the let clause overrides the $s definition in the for clause.

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