Tip Bank

When you need a constant integer member in an object, the easiest way to create one is by using a nameless enum, which can be used like any const int:

Passing large objects by value as function arguments is very inefficient. On the other hand, passing them by reference/address is dangerous since it enables the callee to change its arguments

Even experienced C++ programmers who have prior experience with C tend to use pointers excessively whereas references may be a better choice. Pointers may result in bugs like the following:

If you do not define a copy constructor and operator = , the compiler will create them automatically for you. However, there are cases when you have to define them

Using #define to create macro constants is not ideal. Macros are substituted by the preprocessor, so the compiler usually cannot detect anomalies such as type mismatch (see example); furthermore, most

One of the good things about destructors is that they are called automatically. There are rare cases, however, when you want to invoke an object

There are cases where you have to define several constructors (or constructors and operator = ) within one class, all of which perform some identical tasks (e.g., initialize members, allocate

Although Java’s String package is a lot more friendly than C’s string handling, you can still find yourself surprised by its behavior at times. Consider this code: import java.lang.String;public class

To present your applet in a visually pleasing way, it’s often handy to know the size of the screen that’s available for output. Fortunately, a built-in AWT function makes determining