he recommended way to create cross-language Web sites is to localize using .NET’s support for culture codes. Here are some examples of culture codes:

• en-US: “en” represents the English language. “en-US” provides a specific culture, that is, the culture representing English used in the US
• en-GB: This culture code represents the English language used in Great Britain.
• fr-CA: This culture code represents the French language in Canada.
• zh-CN: This culture represents the Chinese language used in the People’s Republic of China.

The localization process involves tasks such as:

• Date formatting. People in the United States represent dates in a different format from someone in, say, the United Kingdom. Does “2/7/2004” represent the 2nd of July, 2004, or does it represent February 7th, 2004? The answer depends on where you are located.
• Changing displayed text from one language to another. For example, the text in your application must change to Chinese if you are targeting the Chinese market.
• Text direction. Does text read from left to right or from right to left?

As a developer, you need to be concerned with the following:

• Globalization. When designing your application, you plan for all the necessary resources needed to enable your application to be modified with ease to suit different cultures.
• Localization. You perform the actual transformation to ensure that the user sees the application using the culture he/she has selected.

In this article, I will discuss the localization feature in ASP.NET 2.0 (based on Beta 1) and how it simplifies the task you need to perform to create international applications.

Localization Basics
Before we see how ASP.NET 2.0 makes localization easy, let’s understand some basics in localization. A culture is a way to identify a particular setting pertinent to a location or country. You use a culture code to represent a culture.

A neutral culture represents a culture that is associated with a language but is not specific to a particular location. For example, “en” is a neutral culture, because it represents the English language but does not provide a specific instance of where it is used.

A specific culture is a culture that is specific to a region or country. For example, en-GB is a specific culture.

Finally, the invariant culture is neither a neutral nor specific culture. It is English, but is not associated with any location. The invariant culture is used to represent data that is not shown to the user. For example, you use the invariant culture to persist date information to a file. This ensures that the date information would not be misrepresented if is it going to be interpreted in another specific culture.

Implicit Localization
ASP.NET 2.0 supports implicit localization where the values of controls are checked at run time against a particular resource file based on the specified culture. To see how to use implicit localization in ASP.NET 2.0, I will create a simple Web application and then rename the default Web Form as Registration.aspx. In the Registration.aspx Web Form, populate it with the controls as shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1: Populating the Registration.aspx page.

The Calendar control has the following code-behind:

   Sub Calendar1_SelectionChanged( _      ByVal sender As Object, _      ByVal e As System.EventArgs)      lblDate.Text = Calendar1.SelectedDate. _         ToShortDateString   End Sub

Once the form is populated, go to Tools then select Generate Local Resource and Visual Studio 2005 will generate a resource file containing all the text resources used by your controls (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: Generating the local resource in Visual Studio 2005.

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Figure 3: The LocalResources folder in Solution Explorer.

In Solution Explorer, a new folder named LocalResources will be automatically created and within this folder you will find the resource file generated by Visual Studio 2005. The name of the resource file follows that of the Web Form and ends with a .resx extension (see Figure 3).

To view the resource file generated, double-click on the resource file to invoke the Resource Editor (see Figure 4).

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Figure 4: Invoking the Resource Editor.

If you now switch the Registration.aspx Web form to Source View, you will see that each control now has an additional attribute called meta:resourcekey. Its value corresponds to each field in the resource file:

For my application, I want it to display in the Chinese language, besides the default English language. To do so, I first go to Solution Explorer and make a copy of the Registration.aspx.resx file. Rename it to Registration.aspx.zh-CN.resx (see Figure 5). The names of resource files use the culture code. In general, you should name your resource files in the following format: filename.aspx.culturecode.resx

Figure 5: The resource file for the Chinese culture.

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Figure 6: The content of the resource file for Chinese culture.

Open the new resource file and add in the values as shown in Figure 6 using the Resource Editor. Refer to the sidebar Configuring Windows XP for Chinese Language Input on how to configure Windows XP for Chinese language input.

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Figure 7: Making the page localizable.

To make the ASP.NET Web application localizable, simply add two new attributes to the Page directive (see Figure 7):

These following two attributes automatically map information received in the Accept-language headers to the CurrentCulture and CurrentUICulture properties of the current thread, thus allowing controls on the page which are culture-aware to localize.

   Culture="auto"   UICulture="auto"

Press F5 to debug the application. You should see the Web Form displayed in English. To display the Web application in Chinese, launch Internet Explorer. From the Tools menu select Internet Options… then click the Languages… button. In the Language Preference window (see Figure 8), click the “Add” button to add a new language. For the sample project I selected “Chinese (China) [zh-cn].” Move the desired language to the top of the list and then click OK.

Figure 8: Changing the language preference in Internet Explorer.

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Figure 9: Displaying the page in English and Chinese.

To see the page in Chinese, refresh Internet Explorer. Figure 9 shows the page displayed in both English and Chinese.

So how does all this work? At run time, ASP.NET will automatically detect the culture settings of the requester. Based on the culture setting, it then looks for the relevant resource file. If one is found, the values defined in the resource file is used. The Registration.aspx.resx resource file is the resource for the default culture. It will also be used if the requester specifies a culture that is not defined in the LocalResources folder.

It is worth noting that some controls, like the Calendar control, already support localization. In my case, I do not need to do any work on the Calendar control and it is able to display the date in Chinese. Also note the format of the date displayed is different in the English culture and the Chinese culture.

Explicit Localization
In implicit localization, each Web Form has a separate set of resource files. This method is useful for cases where you need to localize the output of controls. However, it is not feasible when you need to localize a large amount of text or have needs to constantly reuse them (such as welcome or error messages). In this case, explicit localization is more useful. Explicit localization allows you to define a set of resources that can be used by all the pages in your project.

To illustrate explicit localization, create a new folder named Resources (in the same project as discussed in the previous section) in Solution Explorer and then select Add New Item…Select Assembly Resource File (see Figure 10). Name the resource file Resource.resx. Make a copy of the resource file and name it Resource.zh-CN.resx.

Figure 10: Adding a resource file to the project.

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Figure 11: The new resource files under the Resources folder.

Figure 11 shows what the Solution Explorer should now look like.

In the Resource.resx file, enter a new key/value pair as shown in Figure 12. Do the same for Resource.zh-CN.resx; this time the string is in Chinese.

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Figure 12: Creating resource strings.

Add the following event handler for the Submit button in Registration.aspx.vb:

   Sub btnSubmit_Click(ByVal sender As _      Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs)      Dim message As String = _         Resources.Resource._         ThankYouMessage.ToString      Dim script As String = "alert('" & _         message & "');"      Page.ClientScript.RegisterClientScriptBlock( _         Me.GetType, "MyKey", script, True)   End Sub

The Resources class provides a programmatic way for dynamically accessing the resources located in the resource file. IntelliSense will automatically display the keys defined in the resource files. The message retrieved from the resource file is then displayed on the client side as a pop-up window (see Figure 13) using the RegisterClientScriptBlock method.

Figure 13: Displaying a localized string.

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Figure 14: Binding a control to the Resource file.

Besides programmatically retrieving values from resource files, you can also do it declaratively. For example, you can bind a Label control’s Text property to the resource file by using the (Expressions) field in the Properties window (see Figure 14).

Alternatively, you can also do it declaratively via the Source View:

Configuring Windows XP for Chinese Language Input
Windows XP comes with built-in support for inputting languages other than English. As a Singaporean Chinese, I am thrilled that I can input Chinese characters into my applications, such as Word, Notepad, and even my .NET applications.

Here is how you can configure Windows XP to support the Chinese language:

1. Go to Control Panel and double-click on Regional and Language Settings.
2. Click on the Languages tab.
3. Check the “Install files for East Asian languages” checkbox (see Figure 15)

Figure 15: Installing the Chinese language support.

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Figure 16: Configuring the input languages.

1. Click OK. Windows XP will install the necessary files for the new languages. You will need your Windows XP installation disk. Windows will restart.
2. After the restart, go back to the same window (as shown in Figure 15) and click on the Details… button.
3. The Text Services and Input Languages window will be displayed, as shown in Figure 16.

1. Click the Add… button to display the Add Input Language window (see Figure 17).

Figure 17: Adding a new input language.

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Figure 18: Configuring the Chinese language service.

1. Select “Chinese (PRC)” as the input language and select “Chinese (Simplified) – Microsoft Pinyin IME 3.0” as the keyboard layout/IME. Click OK.
2. Under the Installed services group, select the “Chinese (Simplified) – Microsoft Pinyin IME 3.0″service and click on the Properties… button (see Figure 18).

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Figure 19: Configuring Windows for “hanyupinyin” input.

1. In the Conversion mode group, select “Sentence.” In the Candidate option group, check the “Prompt step by step” checkbox (see Figure 19). Click OK.

You should now see the language bar displayed in the Taskbar (see Figure 20).

To switch to Chinese input, you can either use the Taskbar or press the Left Alt+Shift key combination to toggle between English and Chinese input.

To test it out, use Notepad. As you type the “hanyupinyin” of the Chinese character, a list of characters that matches it will be displayed. To select the desired character, simply press its numeric equivalent (see Figure 21).

In this article, you have seen how ASP.NET 2.0 makes localization an easy and painless process. Localization is no longer a luxury item that companies can choose to ignore; it is fast becoming a strategic feature that separates your product from your competitors. With ASP.NET 2.0, you should start planning to localize your applications today.

Figure 20: Choosing the input language.

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Figure 21: Chinese input using “hanyupinyin.”