Use multimap to Create Associative Containers with Duplicate Keys

Presenting the Problem
Unlike with map, multimap may contain non-unique keys. This presents a problem: how can the overloaded subscript operator return multiple associated values for the same key? Consider the following example:

//note: pseudo-codestring phone=phonebook["Harry];

The Standard Library designers resolved this issue by removing the subscript operator from multimap. Consequently, insertion and retrieval of elements require different methods and error handling policies.

Insertion
Suppose you need to develop a DNS daemon (or service, in Windows parlance) that maps an IP address to a matching URL string. You know that in some cases, the same IP address is associated with two or more URLs, all of them pointing to the same site. In this case, you want to use multimap instead of map. You create a multimap like this:

#include 

Instead of the subscript operator, use the insert() member function to insert elements. insert() takes a pair as its argument. The previous 10-Minute Solution demonstrated how to use the make_pair() helper function to facilitate this task. You can use it here as well:

DNS_daemon.insert(make_pair("213.108.96.7",                            "cppzone.com"));

In the insert() call above the string 213.108.96.7 serves as the key and cppzone.com as its associated value. Here’s a subsequent insertion of the same key but with a different associated value:

DNS_daemon.insert(make_pair("213.108.96.7",                            "cppluspluszone.com"));

Consequently, DNS_daemon contains two elements with the same key. Notice that the return values of multimap::insert() and map::insert() aren’t the same:

typedef pair  value_type;iterator  insert(const value_type&); // #1 multimappair  insert(const value_type&); // #2 map

The multimap::insert() member function returns an iterator pointing to the newly inserted element (multimap::insert() always succeeds). map::insert() however returns pair , where the bool value indicates whether the insertion was successful.

Finding a Single Value
multimap, like map, has two overloaded versions of the find() member function:

iterator find(const key_type& k);const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;

find(k) returns an iterator to the first pair that matches the key k. This means it’s mostly useful when you want to check whether there is at least one value associated with the key or when you need only the first match. For example:

typedef multimap  mmss;void func(const mmss & dns){ mmss::const_iterator cit=dns.find("213.108.96.7"); if (cit != dns.end())  cout <<"213.108.96.7 found" <

cout<