Question:
How can I recover data from my SQL database after a stored procedure replaced a whole table with incorrect values?

Answer:
Chances are you cannot do so.

Well, it depends. Do you have a backup of the table from before you ran the stored procedure? Was the stored procedure the only change made to the table?

The obvious answer is to restore the table, but that isn’t always as direct as it sounds. There could be update activity in dependent tables that needs to be brought forward too.

Also, there are things like text fields that mean you will not be able to restore the single table, but will be backed into having to bring back the entire database.