Presenting the Problem
Unlike with map, multimap may contain non-unique keys. This presents a problem: how can the overloaded subscript operator return multiple associated values for the same key? Consider the following example:

//note: pseudo-codestring phone=phonebook["Harry];

The Standard Library designers resolved this issue by removing the subscript operator from multimap. Consequently, insertion and retrieval of elements require different methods and error handling policies.

Insertion
Suppose you need to develop a DNS daemon (or service, in Windows parlance) that maps an IP address to a matching URL string. You know that in some cases, the same IP address is associated with two or more URLs, all of them pointing to the same site. In this case, you want to use multimap instead of map. You create a multimap like this:

#include 

Instead of the subscript operator, use the insert() member function to insert elements. insert() takes a pair as its argument. The previous 10-Minute Solution demonstrated how to use the make_pair() helper function to facilitate this task. You can use it here as well:

DNS_daemon.insert(make_pair("213.108.96.7",                            "cppzone.com"));

In the insert() call above the string 213.108.96.7 serves as the key and cppzone.com as its associated value. Here’s a subsequent insertion of the same key but with a different associated value:

DNS_daemon.insert(make_pair("213.108.96.7",                            "cppluspluszone.com"));

Consequently, DNS_daemon contains two elements with the same key. Notice that the return values of multimap::insert() and map::insert() aren’t the same:

typedef pair  value_type;iterator  insert(const value_type&); // #1 multimappair  insert(const value_type&); // #2 map

The multimap::insert() member function returns an iterator pointing to the newly inserted element (multimap::insert() always succeeds). map::insert() however returns pair , where the bool value indicates whether the insertion was successful.

Finding a Single Value
multimap, like map, has two overloaded versions of the find() member function:

iterator find(const key_type& k);const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;

find(k) returns an iterator to the first pair that matches the key k. This means it’s mostly useful when you want to check whether there is at least one value associated with the key or when you need only the first match. For example:

typedef multimap  mmss;void func(const mmss & dns){ mmss::const_iterator cit=dns.find("213.108.96.7"); if (cit != dns.end())  cout <<"213.108.96.7 found" <

Handling Multiple Associated Values
The count(k) member function returns the number of values associated with a given key. The following example reports how many values are associated with the key 213.108.96.7:

cout<

To access multiple values in a multimap, use the equal_range(), lower_bound() and upper_bound() member functions:

• equal_range(k): This function finds all of the values associated with the key k. This function returns a pair of iterators that mark the beginning and the end of the range. The following example displays all the values associated with the key 213.108.96.7:

  typedef multimap ::const_iterator CIT; typedef pair Range;Range range=dns.equal_range("213.108.96.7");for(CIT i=range.first; i!=range.second; ++i) cout << i->second << endl; //output: cpluspluszone.com                            //        cppzone.com

• lower_bound() and upper_bound(): lower_bound(k) finds the first value associated with the key k, and upper_bound(k) finds the first element whose key is greater than k. The following example uses upper_bound() to locate the first element whose key is greater than 213.108.96.7. As usual, when the key is of type string a lexicographical comparison takes place:

  dns.insert(make_pair("219.108.96.70",                      "pythonzone.com"));CIT cit=dns.upper_bound("213.108.96.7");if (cit!=dns.end()) //found anything? cout<second<

  If you wish to display all the subsequent values, use a loop like this:

  //insert multiple values with the same keydns.insert(make_pair("219.108.96.70",                     "pythonzone.com"));dns.insert(make_pair("219.108.96.70",                     "python-zone.com"));//get an iterator to the first valueCIT cit=dns.upper_bound("213.108.96.7");//output: pythonzone.com python-zone.com while(cit!=dns.end()){ cout<second<

Concept Mapping
Although map and multimap have similar interfaces, the crucial difference between the two, with respect to duplicate keys, entails different design and usage. In addition, you should be aware of the subtle differences between the insert() member function of each container.